NORTHERN TERRITORY LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 22 AUGUST 2020 ====================================================================== Source: Northern Territory Election Commission TERRITORY SUMMARY OF VOTES AND SEATS ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 141,225 Votes cast: 105,833 74.9 +01.2 Informal votes: 3,661 03.5 +01.5 Fornmal votes: 102,172 97.5 -01.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Party Votes % Seats ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Australian Greens 4,453 04.4 +01.5 - Australian Labor Party 40,291 39.4 -02.8 14 -04 Country Liberal Party 32,021 31.3 -00.5 8 +06 Territory Alliance 13,184 12.9 1 +01 Independents 12,223 12.0 2 -03 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 102,172 25 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- VOTING BY DISTRICT ====================================================================== ARAFURA ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,183 +06.9 Votes cast: 2,733 52.7 +03.7 Informal votes: 142 05.2 +03.8 Fornmal votes: 2,591 94.8 -03.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Gibson Illortaminni Country Liberal 1,041 40.2 +01.6 George Laughton Territory Alliance 82 03.2 Lawrence Costa * Labor Party 1,269 49.0 +02.6 Tristan Mungatopi 199 07.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2,591 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Gibson Illortaminni Country Liberal 1,203 46.4 +01.0 Lawrence COSTA Labor Party 1,388 53.6 -01.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2,591 03.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ARALUEN ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,742 -01.8 Votes cast: 4,521 78.7 -03.5 Informal votes: 157 03.5 +01.4 Fornmal votes: 4,364 96.5 -01.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Bernard Hickey Greens 455 10.4 Domenico Pecorari 114 02.6 Wayne Wright 71 01.6 Jackson Ankers Labor Party 789 18.1 -06.6 Damien Ryan Country Liberal 1,659 38.0 +01.5 Robyn Lambley * Territory Alliance 1,276 29.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,364 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Lambley was elected as an independent in 2016. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Damien Ryan Country Liberal 2,161 49.5 +07.6 Robyn LAMBLEY * Territory Alliance 2,203 50.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,364 00.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ARNHEM ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,431 +05.3 Votes cast: 3,156 58.1 +10.7 Informal votes: 232 07.4 +04.8 Fornmal votes: 2,924 92.6 -04.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Selena Uibo * Labor Party 1,207 41.3 -12.9 Lance Lawrence 243 08.3 Jerry Amato Country Liberal 487 16.7 -11.0 Ian Gumbula 987 33.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2,924 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Gumbula was the former CLP member. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Selena UIBO * Labor Party 1,508 51.6 -12.9 Ian Gumbula 1,416 48.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2,924 01.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BARKLY ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,690 +09.8 Votes cast: 3,597 63.2 +00.6 Informal votes: 156 04.3 +02.7 Fornmal votes: 3,441 95.7 -02.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Shane Edgington Country Liberal 1,431 41.6 +23.6 Daniel Mulholland 109 03.2 Gadrian Hoosan 663 19.3 Sid Vashist + Labor Party 1,238 36.0 -07.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,441 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Shane EDGINGTON Country Liberal 1,724 50.1 Sid Vashist + Labor Party 1,717 49.9 -08.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,441 00.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BLAIN ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,695 +02.1 Votes cast: 4,315 75.8 -03.1 Informal votes: 138 03.2 +00.5 Fornmal votes: 4,177 96.8 -00.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mark Turner Labor Party 1,729 41.4 +04.1 Terry Mills * Territory Alliance 959 23.0 -08.3 Matthew Kerle Country Liberal 1,489 35.6 +09.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,177 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mills was elected as an independent in 2016. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mark TURNER Labor Party 2,095 50.2 +01.6 Matthew Kerle Country Liberal 2,082 49.8 +14.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,177 00.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BRAITLING ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,830 -02.8 Votes cast: 4,532 77.7 -05.1 Informal votes: 137 03.0 +01.2 Fornmal votes: 4,395 97.0 -01.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Joshua Burgoyne Country Liberal 1,548 35.2 -07.6 Scott McConnell 199 04.5 Dale Wakefield * Labor Party 993 22.6 -10.2 Marli Banks 140 03.2 Kim Hopper 648 14.7 Dale McIver Territory Alliance 488 11.1 Chris Tomlins Greens 379 08.6 -01.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,395 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Joshua BURGOYNE Country Liberal 2,254 51.3 +01.6 Dale Wakefield * Labor Party 2,141 48.7 -01.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,395 01.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BRENNAN ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,746 +10.4 Votes cast: 4,526 78.8 -00.8 Informal votes: 146 03.2 +00.3 Fornmal votes: 4,380 96.8 -00.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Marie-Clare Boothby Country Liberal 1,730 39.5 -04.6 Abraham Mbemap Territory Alliance 477 10.9 Tony Sievers * Labor Party 1,760 40.2 -07.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,380 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Marie-Clare BOOTHBY Country Liberal 2,242 51.2 +03.9 Tony Sievers * Labor Party 2,138 48.8 -03.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,380 01.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- CASUARINA ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,647 +03.5 Votes cast: 4,718 83.5 +01.4 Informal votes: 117 02.5 -00.1 Fornmal votes: 4,601 97.5 +00.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Danial Kelly Territory Alliance 730 15.9 Kendall Trudgen Greens 552 12.0 Tony Schelling Country Liberal 1,012 22.0 -16.5 Lauren MOSS * Labor Party 2,307 50.1 -11.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,601 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tony Schelling Country Liberal 1,566 34.0 Lauren MOSS * Labor Party 3,035 66.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,601 16.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- DALY ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,622 +04.4 Votes cast: 4,131 73.5 +02.9 Informal votes: 135 06.2 +03.7 Fornmal votes: 3,874 93.8 -03.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Will Kemp Greens 324 08.4 Ian Sloan + Country Liberal 1,386 35.8 -06.5 Regina McCarthy Territory Alliance 708 18.3 Mick Denigan 135 03.5 Anthony Venes Labor Party 1,321 34.1 -08.2 Allan McKay 163 04.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,874 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ian SLOAN + Country Liberal 1,984 51.2 -00.9 Anthony Venes Labor Party 1,890 48.8 +00.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,874 01.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- DRYSDALE ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,828 +06.7 Votes cast: 4,109 70.5 -02.5 Informal votes: 204 05.0 +02.2 Fornmal votes: 3,905 95.0 -02.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Danielle Eveleigh 211 05.4 Eva Lawler * Labor Party 1,648 42.2 +01.2 Fiona Finch Territory Alliance 533 13.6 Lash Lisson 226 05.8 Leanne Butler Country Liberal 1,023 26.2 -08.3 Raj Samson Rajwin 179 04.6 Brendan Killalea 85 02.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,905 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Eva LAWLER * Labor Party 2,261 57.9 +02.7 Leanne Butler Country Liberal 1,644 42.1 -02.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,905 07.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- FANNIE BAY ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,473 -02.5 Votes cast: 4,430 80.9 +02.9 Informal votes: 85 01.9 -00.3 Fornmal votes: 4,345 98.1 +00.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mark Mackenzie 54 01.2 Peter Robertson Greens 444 10.2 Tracey Hayes Country Liberal 1,510 34.8 +02.3 Rebecca Jennings Territory Alliance 242 05.6 Michael Gunner * Labor Party 2,095 48.2 -11.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,345 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tracey Hayes Country Liberal 1,757 40.4 +04.6 Michael GUNNER * Labor Party 2,588 59.6 -04.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,345 09.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- FONG LIM ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,555 +03.8 Votes cast: 4,305 77.5 +02.1 Informal votes: 130 03.0 +01.2 Fornmal votes: 4,175 97.0 -01.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Amye Un 434 10.4 Mark Monaghan + Labor Party 1,756 42.1 -03.2 Jeff Collins * Territory Alliance 497 11.9 Kylie Bonanni Country Liberal 1,488 35.6 -00.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,175 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Collins was elected for Labor in 2016. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Mark MONAGHAN + Labor Party 2,197 52.6 -05.2 Kylie Bonanni Country Liberal 1,978 47.4 +05.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,175 02.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- GOYDER ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,583 -00.1 Votes cast: 4,884 87.5 +05.2 Informal votes: 189 03.9 +02.2 Fornmal votes: 4,695 96.1 -02.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Rachel Wright Territory Alliance 614 13.1 Ted Warren 249 05.3 Phil Battye Country Liberal 1,289 27.5 +07.3 Trevor Jenkins 64 01.4 Kezia Purick * 1,459 31.1 -23.9 Mick Taylor Labor Party 590 12.6 -06.4 Karen Fletcher Greens 147 03.1 -01.0 Pauline Cass 283 06.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,695 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Phil Battye Country Liberal 2,030 43.2 +18.5 Kezia PURICK * 2,665 56.8 -18.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,695 06.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- GWOJA (formerly Stuart) ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,313 +01.4 Votes cast: 2,806 52.8 -02.3 Informal votes: 148 05.3 +04.2 Fornmal votes: 2,658 94.7 -04.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Chancey PAECH * Labor Party 1,612 60.6 -07.2 Phillip Alice Country Liberal 702 26.4 +06.2 Kenny Lechleitner 344 12.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2,658 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Paech was elected for Namatjira in 2016. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Chancey PAECH * Labor Party 1,760 66.2 -09.6 Phillip Alice Country Liberal 898 33.8 +09.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 2,658 16.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- JOHNSTON ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,556 +11.5 Votes cast: 4,434 79.8 -00.3 Informal votes: 150 03.4 +01.5 Fornmal votes: 4,284 96.6 -01.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Aiya Goodrich Carttling Greens 736 17.2 Joel Bowden + Labor Party 1,940 45.3 -06.2 Gary Haslett Country Liberal 843 19.7 -11.6 Josh Thomas 139 03.2 Steven Klose Territory Alliance 626 14.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,284 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Joel BOWDEN + Labor Party 2,850 66.5 +01.8 Gary Haslett Country Liberal 1,434 33.5 -01.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,284 16.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- KARAMA ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,482 +10.0 Votes cast: 4,293 79.3 -00.8 Informal votes: 124 02.9 +01.1 Fornmal votes: 4,169 97.1 -01.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Caleb Cardino Territory Alliance 874 21.0 Brian O'Gallagher Country Liberal 1,166 28.0 -05.2 Ngaree AH KIT * Labor Party 2,129 51.1 +17.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,169 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Brian O'Gallagher Country Liberal 1,678 40.2 Ngaree AH KIT * Labor Party 2,491 59.8 +09.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,169 09.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- KATHERINE ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,749 +10.0 Votes cast: 4,037 70.2 -08.9 Informal votes: 151 03.7 +01.4 Fornmal votes: 3,886 96.3 -01.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Clinton Booth 209 05.4 Kate Ganley + Labor Party 1,281 33.0 +01.7 Melanie Usher Territory Alliance 1,132 29.1 Jo Hershey Country Liberal 1,264 32.5 -02.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,886 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Kate Ganley + Labor Party 1,853 47.7 -02.7 Jo HERSHEY Country Liberal 2,033 52.3 +02.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,886 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- MULKA (formerly Nhulunbuy) ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 6,124 +03.9 Votes cast: 4,191 68.4 +09.8 Informal votes: 96 02.3 +00.2 Fornmal votes: 4,191 97.7 -00.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Yingiya Mark GUYULA * 2,252 53.7 +12.2 Lynne Walker Labor Party 1,843 46.3 +01.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,191 03.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- NAMATJIRA ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,728 +05.4 Votes cast: 3,786 66.1 +08.2 Informal votes: 180 04.8 +03.0 Fornmal votes: 3,606 95.2 -03.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tony Willis 131 03.6 Nikki McCoy Greens 279 07.7 -07.9 Sheralee Taylor Labor Party 977 27.1 -19.3 Bill Yan + Country Liberal 1,066 29.6 -03.0 Catherine Satour 344 09.5 Matt Paterson Territory Alliance 809 22.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,606 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This seat elected a Labor member in 2016 but was a CLP seat on the new boundaries. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Sheralee Taylor Labor Party 1,792 49.7 -09.0 Bill YAN + Country Liberal 1,814 50.3 +09.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,606 00.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- NELSON ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,505 -05.5 Votes cast: 4,707 85.5 +05.1 Informal votes: 146 03.1 +01.8 Fornmal votes: 4,561 96.9 -01.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Beverley Ratahi 1,351 29.6 Gerard MALEY Country Liberal 2,302 50.5 +28.3 Steve Asher Labor Party 488 10.7 -00.3 Andy Harley Territory Alliance 420 09.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,561 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- This seat elected an independent member in 2016. Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Beverley Ratahi 1,903 41.7 Gerard MALEY Country Liberal 2,658 58.3 +31.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,561 08.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- NIGHTCLIFF ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,621 +05.2 Votes cast: 4,515 80.3 +02.7 Informal votes: 90 02.0 +01.2 Fornmal votes: 4,425 98.0 -01.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Melita McKinnon Territory Alliance 336 07.6 Natasha FYLES * Labor Party 2,353 53.2 -07.8 Steve Doherty Country Liberal 836 18.9 -02.4 Billee McGinley Greens 822 18.6 Shelley Landmark 78 01.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,425 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Natasha FYLES * Labor Party 3,286 74.3 -02.6 Steve Doherty Country Liberal 1,139 25.7 +02.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,425 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- PORT DARWIN ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,699 -02.1 Votes cast: 4,413 77.4 +02.6 Informal votes: 112 02.5 +00.5 Fornmal votes: 4,301 97.5 -00.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Toby George Country Liberal 1,625 37.8 +01.5 Timothy Parish Greens 315 07.3 Gary Strachan Territory Alliance 540 12.6 Paul Kirby * Labor Party 1,611 37.5 +01.2 Leah Potter 210 04.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,301 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Toby George Country Liberal 2,060 47.9 +00.7 Paul KIRBY * Labor Party 2,241 52.1 -00.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,301 02.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- SANDERSON ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,449 -01.7 Votes cast: 4,502 82.6 +01.7 Informal votes: 107 02.4 +01.0 Fornmal votes: 4,395 97.6 -01.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Derek Mayger Country Liberal 968 22.0 -13.4 Amelia Nuku Territory Alliance 795 18.1 Kate WORDEN * Labor Party 2,632 59.9 +07.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,395 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Derek Mayger Country Liberal 1,351 30.7 -08.7 Kate WORDEN * Labor Party 3,044 69.3 +08.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,395 19.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- SPILLETT ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 5,863 +12.7 Votes cast: 5,075 86.6 +07.4 Informal votes: 126 02.5 +00.7 Fornmal votes: 4,949 97.5 -00.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tristan Sloan Labor Party 1,594 32.2 +01.5 Vanessa Mounsey Territory Alliance 434 08.8 Lia FINOCCHIARO * Country Liberal 2,921 59.0 +02.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,949 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tristan Sloan Labor Party 1,730 35.0 -01.9 Lia FINOCCHIARO * Country Liberal 3,219 65.0 +01.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,949 15.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- WANGURI ====================================================================== Enrolled voters: 6,111 +09.7 Votes cast: 5,117 83.7 +00.6 Informal votes: 141 02.8 +01.0 Fornmal votes: 4,976 97.2 -01.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Nicole MANISON * Labor Party 3,129 62.9 +04.3 Jed Hansen Country Liberal 1,235 24.8 +01.3 Michael Best Territory Alliance 612 12.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,976 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Nicole MANISON * Labor Party 3,349 67.3 -02.6 Jed Hansen Country Liberal 1,627 32.7 +02.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 4,976 17.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BY-ELECTIONS 2020-24 ====================================================================== ARAFURA ====================================================================== 18 March 2023. following the death of Lawrence Costa ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Enrolled voters: 5,536 Votes cast: 3,214 58.1 Informal votes: 159 04.9 Fornmal votes: 3,055 95.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Candidate Party Votes % ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Leslie Tungatulum Country Liberal 897 29.4 -10.8 Manuel BROWN + Labor Party 2,038 66.7 +17.7 Ann Middleton 120 03.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,055 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-candidate preferred ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Leslie Tungatulum Country Liberal 942 30.8 -15.6 Manuel BROWN + Labor Party 2,113 69.2 +15.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3,055 19.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------